Fundamental 

📕FUNDAMENTAL📕

➣What is computer?

Computer in an electronic device or machine in which accept the input from the user and perform the arithmetical and logical operation after that produce the output to the user.


Data : 

Data is a raw material and it is an unorganized collection of facts, figures and symbols.

Information :

Organised collection of data is called "Information".

In other word,

Information is organised or classified data, which has some meaningful values for the receiver. Information is the processed data on which decisions and actions are based.

➣Characteristics of computer :
  1. High speed.
  2. Strong capacity.
  3. Accuracy.
  4. Reliability.
  5. Automation.
  6. Diligence.
  7. Timeliness.
  8. Versatility.
1. High speed:
Computer can work very fast. It takes only few seconds. Calculation that we take hours to complete computer can perform millions of instruction and even more per second.

2. Storage capacity:
The computer can store huge amount of data in a small sized storage devices such as CD, DVD, Pen Drive, Memory  Card etc. We can also extend its storage capacity using external devices.

3.Accuracy:
The accuracy of the computer is very high and every calculation is performed with the same accuracy. Error may occur due to wrong program or instruction, inaccuracy in input data.

4.Reliability:
Computer is a reliable machine. It processes data with high accuracy without any mistake in any situation.

5.Automation:
Computer is an automatic machine which works without the intervention of the user. The user is required to give data and utilize the result but the process is automatic.

6.Diligence:
The computer is free from tiredness, lack of concentration, fatigue etc. there for it can work for hours without creating any errors.

7.Timeliness:
Timeliness is the one of the most beneficial characteristics in the computer that means each and every task perform calculation in a given certain period time in accurate manner.

8.Versatility:
Computer can perform different types of works with the same accuracy. We can use multimedia, word processing, printing communications at same time without any problem.


Generation Of Computer
🖥️
1. FIRST GENERATION


1946-1959 is the period of first generation computer. J.P.Eckert and J.W.Mauchy invented the first successful electronic computer called ENIAC. ENIAC stands for “Electronic Numeric Integrated And Calculator”.


    • Few Examples are:
      1. ENIAC
      2. EDVAC
      3. UNIVAC
      4. IBM-701
      5. IBM-650
    • Advantages:
      1. It made use of vacuum tubes which are the only electronic component available during those days.
      2. These computers could calculate in milliseconds.
    • Disadvantages:
      1. These were very big in size, weight was about 30 tones.
      2. These computers were based on vacuum tubes.
      3. These computers were very costly.
      4. It could store only a small amount of information due to the presence of magnetic drums.
      5. As the invention of first generation computers involves vacuum tubes, so another disadvantage of these computers was, vacuum tubes require a large cooling system.
      6. Very less work efficiency.
      7. Limited programming capabilities and punch cards were used to take inputs.
      8. Large amount of energy consumption.
      9. Not reliable and constant maintenance is required.



    2. SECOND GENERATION





    1959-1965 is the period of second-generation computer. Second generation computers were based on Transistor instead of vacuum tubes.

        • Few Examples are:
          1. Honeywell 400
          2. IBM 7094
          3. CDC 1604
          4. CDC 3600
          5. UNIVAC 1108
        • Advantages:
          1. Due to the presence of transistors instead of vacuum tubes, the size of electron component decreased. This resulted in reducing the size of a computer as compared to first generation computers.
          2. Less energy and not produce as much heat as the first generation.
          3. Assembly language and punch cards were used for input.
          4. Low cost than first generation computers.
          5. Better speed, calculate data in microseconds.
          6. Better portability as compared to first generation
        • Disadvantages:
          1. A cooling system was required.
          2. Constant maintenance was required.
          3. Only used for specific purposes.


      3. THIRD GENERATION



      1965-1971 is the period of third generation computer. These computers were based on IC(Integrated circuits).IC was invented by Robert Noyce and Jack Kilby In 1958-1959.



        • Few Examples are:
          1. PDP-8
          2. PDP-11
          3. ICL 2900
          4. IBM 360
          5. IBM 370
        • Advantages:
          1. These computers were cheaper than compared to second-generation computers.
          2. They were fast and reliable.
          3. Use of IC in the computer provides the small size of the computer.
          4. IC not only reduce the size of the computer but it also improves the performance of the computer as compared to previous computers.
          5. This generation of computers has big storage capacity.
          6. Instead of punch cards, mouse and keyboard are used for input.
          7. They used an operating system for better resource management and used the concept of time-sharing and multiple programming.
          8. These computers reduce the computational time from microseconds to nanoseconds.
        • Disadvantages:
          1. IC chips are difficult to maintain.
          2. The highly sophisticated technology required for the manufacturing of IC chips.
          3. Air conditioning is required.


      4. FOURTH GENERATION



      1971-1980 is the period of fourth generation computer.This technology is based on Microprocessor. Microprocessors were invented by -Marcian Hoff, Masatoshi Shima, Federico Faggin and Stanley Mazor.A microprocessor is used in a computer for any logical and arithmetic function to be performed in any program.Graphics User Interface (GUI) technology was exploited to offer more comfort to users.



        • Few Examples are:
          1. IBM 4341
          2. DEC 10
          3. STAR 1000
          4. PUP 11
        • Advantages:
          1. Fastest in computation and size get reduced as compared to the previous generation of computer.
          2. Heat generated is negligible.
          3. Small in size as compared to previous generation computers.
          4. Less maintenance is required.
          5. All types of high-level language can be used in this type of computers.
        • Disadvantages:
          1. The Microprocessor design and fabrication are very complex.
          2. Air conditioning is required in many cases due to the presence of ICs.
          3. Advance technology is required to make the ICs.


      5. FIFTH GENERATION



      The period of the fifth generation in 1980-onwards. This generation is based on AI (artificial intelligence). The aim of the fifth generation is to make a device which could respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization.



        • Few Examples are:
          1. Desktop
          2. Laptop
          3. Notebook
          4. Ultrabook
          5. Chromebook
            6. … and many more
        • Advantages:
          1. It is more reliable and works faster.
          2. It is available in different sizes and unique features.
          3. It provides computers with more user-friendly interfaces with multimedia features.
        • Disadvantages:
          1. They need very low-level languages.
          2. They may make the human brains dull and doomed.

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